Prenatal diagnostics refer to tests conducted before the birth of the fetus. These exams are aimed at monitoring the baby's development, identifying any developmental issues early on, and providing treatment during pregnancy if needed.

The primary focus of prenatal diagnostics is detecting hereditary diseases, which are often associated with developmental abnormalities.

Prenatal diagnostic methods can be broadly divided into two categories: direct and indirect methods. • Indirect methods gather information about the fetus from the pregnant woman's body. • Direct methods collect information directly from the fetus and its cells.

It is important to note that not all women need prenatal diagnostics. However, certain risk groups should undergo prenatal testing, including: • Women who become pregnant after the age of 35 • Women who have experienced at least two spontaneous abortions • Women who have taken specific medications before or during early pregnancy • Women who have had infections during pregnancy that could harm the fetus • Women with a family history of hereditary diseases or who are personally affected by such conditions

Infections like toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpesvirus can cause harm to the fetus, result in spontaneous abortion, or lead to infant illness at birth, affecting normal development. Gynecologists and reproductive specialists recommend testing for TORCH infections when planning a family or during early pregnancy (first trimester) to reduce risks associated with these infections, including the possibility of mother-to-child transmission.

Infections can spread through bodily fluids, including: • Blood • Saliva • Urine • Semen • Breast milk

Transmission can occur through the following routes: • During fetal development (from an infected mother) • Through breast milk (during lactation) • Organ transplantation • Contact with the bodily fluids of an infected individual • Sexual contact • Blood transfusions

To reduce the risk of infection and its complications: • Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 15-20 seconds, especially after contact with children, diapers, saliva, or mucous membranes. • Avoid contact with a child’s saliva or tears, and do not kiss on the lips. This is especially important for pregnant women. • Do not share cups or kitchen utensils with others. • Use barrier contraception during sexual activity. • If you are planning a family or are already pregnant, undergo relevant tests to detect "hidden infections."