Celiac disease, also known as gluten enteropathy, is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small intestine that primarily affects the intestinal mucosa and disrupts digestion. The damage is triggered by proteins found in certain grains, collectively known as gluten.

Two main factors contribute to the development of celiac disease:

1. Gluten-containing foods – such as wheat, rye, and barley.
2. Genetic predisposition – specifically the presence of HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 markers.

The symptoms of celiac disease can vary between children and adults.

In children, celiac disease is often marked by frequent diarrhea, although it may also present with constipation, weight loss, growth delays, tooth enamel damage, chronic fatigue, emotional instability, and iron deficiency anemia.

In adults, the disease may be linked to chronic fatigue, migraines, skin issues, neuropathies, osteoporosis, infertility, and other health concerns.

Currently, the only effective treatment for celiac disease is the complete elimination of gluten from the diet. With the guidance of a healthcare provider, patients and their families can create a tailored gluten-free diet. This ensures proper growth and development in children. Gluten-free products are now widely available, including in Georgia.

To diagnose celiac disease, key tests include measuring total IgA, anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA (tTG-IgA), and IgG (tTG-IgG) levels in the blood. Depending on test results, the doctor may recommend further diagnostic procedures.